CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
POLS 3290

The Constitution is an Invitation to Struggle
for the Privilege of Directing American Foreign Policy

[Note: Students should insure, in reading the Henkin text, that they not only read the specific chapters but also the chapter notes at the back of the book; there is at least as much useful, indeed essential, information in the notes as there is in the text proper. ]

I. INTRODUCTION

General (Henkin 1-10)
The American Constitution and the National Government (Henkin 13-22; F&G 33-39)
National Sovereignty
Curtiss-Wright
UNITED STATES v. CURTISS-WRIGHT 299 US 304 (1936) ***
CHINESE EXCLUSION CASES 130 US 581 (1889)
FONG YUE TING v. UNITED STATES 149 US 698 (1893)
National Power Superior to the States
UNITED STATES v. PINK 315 US 203 (1942)
Historical Interpretations of Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy
1789 to World War Two
Post-World War two
Attempts to Reassert Congressional Authority

II. THE EXECUTIVE

Sources of Presidential Power (Henkin 34-62)
Determining the Extent of and Limits to Presidential Power (Henkin 61)
Foreign Policy Powers (Henkin 35-36)
The Executive Power (Henkin 31-63)
"Communications" With Foreign Governments (Henkin 37; F&G 92-107)
Executive Emergency Powers (Henkin 53; F&G 43-49)
KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES I 323 US 214 (1944) (6-3) ***
KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES II 584 F. Supp. 1406 (1984) ***
NEW YORK TIMES V. UNITED STATES 403 US 713 (1971) ***

III. THE CONGRESS

General Congressional Powers (Henkin 63-82)
Sovereignty and Congressional Foreign Affairs Powers (Henkin 63-67, 70-81)
Congress and Emergency Powers (Henkin 89)
The Foreign Commerce Power (Henkin 65)
Non-Legislative Powers (Henkin 75-81)
Limitations on Congressional Power (Henkin 81)
REID v. COVERT 354 US 1 (1957)

IV. SEPARATION OF POWERS and CONCURRENT POWERS

Exclusive Authority and Concurrent Authority (Henkin 83-96; F&G 1-59)
Cooperation, Not Separation (Henkin 112-128)
Issues of Delegation (Henkin 123-128)
Concurrent Powers
LITTLE v. BARREME 6 US [2 Cranch] 170 (1804) ***
The Steel Seizure Case
YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE v. SAWYER 343 US 579 (1952) ***
Exclusive Powers (Henkin 89)
Issues in Cooperation (Henkin 112-123)
Issues in Delegation (Henkin 123-128)
Controlling Delegated Authority (Henkin 125-128; F&G 61-69)
INS v. CHADA 462 US 919 (1983) ***

V. ROLE OF THE FEDERAL COURTS

Judicial Role in Foreign Affairs (Henkin 133-134)
Judicial Review (Henkin 134-136)
COHENS v. VIRGINIA 19 US [6 Wheat.] 264 (1821)
Judicial Deference to the Political Branches
CHICAGO AND SOUTHERN AIR LINES v. WATERMAN STEAMSHIP CORP. 333 US 103 (1948) ***
Limits to Judicial Power (Henkin 142-148; F&G 849-1021)
BURKE v. BARNES 479 U.S. 361 (1987)
Political Question Doctrine (Henkin 143; F&G 933-964)
Baker v. Carr
BAKER v. CARR 369 US 186 (1962)
CROCKETT v. REAGAN 558 F.Supp. 893; 720 F.2d 1355 (1982) ***
LOWRY v. REAGAN 676 F.Supp. 333 (1987)
Tax Payer Suits
FLAST v. COHEN 392 US 83 (1968)
Jurisdiction With Congressional Plaintiffs
HOLTZMAN v. SCHLESINGER 361 F. Supp.936; 484 .2d 1307 (1973); 414 US 1304, 1 Aug 1973
DELLUMS v. BUSH 752 F. Supp. 1141 (1990) ***
Legislating the Political Question Doctrine
VI. TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

Overview of Treaties and the Treaty Process (Henkin 171-215; F&G 265-297)
MISSOURI v. HOLLAND 252 US 416 (1920)
Treaty Termination (Henkin 211-215; F&G 376-404)
Precedents
GOLDWATER v. CARTER 617 F.2d 697; 444 US 996 (1979) ***
Treaties and Domestic Law
Executive Agreements (Henkin 215-230; F&G 427-448)
UNITED STATES v. BELMONT 301 US 324 (1937)

VII. THE WAR POWERS

The President as Commander-in-Chief and Presidential War-Making Power
(Henkin 45-110, F&G 508-560)
THE PRIZE CASES 67 US (2 Black) 635 (1862) ***
Congress and War (Henkin 75)
Significant Cases Defining The War Powers Of Congress:
BAS v. TINGEY (1800) ***
Make" War Versus "Declare" War; What is War?
Declared War
HIRABAYSHI v. UNITED STATES 320 US 81 (1943) ***
EX PARTE ENDO 323 US 283 (1944) ***
Authorized War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Public Law 88-408 (Aug. 10, 1964)
Authorization to Use Military Force in Iraq, Public Law 102-1 (Jan. 14, 1991)
Authorization to Use of United States Armed Forces Against Those Responsible for the Recent Attacks Launched against the United States, Public Law 107-40 (Sept. 18, 2001)
Authorization to Use the United States Armed Forces against Iraq, Public Law 107-243 (Oct. 16, 2002)
Orlando v. Laird 443 US F.2d 1039; 404 US 869 (1971) ***
Limited Use of Force (Henkin 99, F&G 538-540)
Protection of Citizens and Property
MURRAY v. THE SCHOONER THE CHARMING BETSY 6 US [2 Cranch] 64 (1804)
DURAND v. HOLLINS United States Circuit Court of Appeals, SDNY, 8 Fed. Cas. 111 (no. 4, 186) (1854) ***
Presidential Power to Use the Armed Forces Abroad Without Statutory Authorization, 4A Op. O.L.C. 185,
February 12, 1980 [Handout]

VIII. VIETNAM

The Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution
Political Question Doctrine and Vietnam
Congressional Support of the War
Executive Usurpation of Congressional Powers
Vietnam Cases
Luftig v. McNamara 373 F.2d 333 (1966) ***
Massachusetts v. Laird 451 F.2d 26 (1970) ***
Mottola v. Nixon 464 F.2d 178 (1972)
United States v. Sisson 399 US 267 (1970) ***
Berk v. Laird 429 F.2d 302 (1970) ***
Atlee v. Laird 347 F. Supp. 689 (1972); affirmed as Atlee v. Richardson 411 US 911 (1973)
DaCosta v. Laird 448 F.2d 368 (1972); 471 F.2d 1146 (1973)
Mitchell v. Laird 476 F.2d 553 (1973); 486 F.2d 611 (1973)
Drinan v. Nixon 365 F. Supp.854 (1973)

XII. THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION OF 1973

The War Powers Resolution (Henkin 105-110; F&G 560-646)
CAMPBELL v. CLINTON 52 F.Supp. 2d 34 (1999); 203 F.3d 19 (2000) ***

X. IRAQ (2003)
MAHORNER v. BUSH 224 F. Supp. 2d 48 (2002) ***

XI. LAW RELATED TO TERRORISM AND THE 9/11 ATTACKS

Overview
Piracy and Terrorism (F&G 185-215)
UNITED STATES V. SMITH 18 US (5 Wheat.) 153, 1820
UNITED STATES v. YUNIS 924 F. 2d 1086 (1991) ***
Law Related to 9/11
EX PARTE QUIRIN 317 US 1 (1942)
JOHNSON v. EISENTRAGER, 339 U.S. 763 (1950)
RASUL et al v. UNITED STATES No. 03-334. Argued April 20, 2004--Decided June 28, 2004 ***
RUMSFELD v. PADILLA No. 03-1027. Argued April 28, 2004--Decided June 28, 2004 ***
HAMDI v. RUMSFELD No. 03-6696. Argued April 28, 2004--Decided June 28, 2004 ***